BORON MINING

Sourcing, extraction and mining of Boron is a complicated affair requiring huge investment for this criticial mineral. Learn how the industry players are shaping the future of boron supplies

INVEST IN BORON, MINING

Boron and Precious Minerals, Diamonds, Platinum and Gold

Boron is widely found and used in precious minerals around the earth. Borates have a wealth of uses in metallurgy and precious mineral refinement.

MINING, PODCASTS, SPECIAL REPORTS

Podcast – Billion Dollar Boron

Podcast - Billion dollar boron. In 2021, borates sales hit billions of dollars. Why? The demand for boron is increasing rapidly in strategic sectors such as aerospace and defense, zero-carbon, and advanced energy solutions, which depend on boron-based technologies to reduce emissions. Recent forecasts predict that boron demand will increase by 30% by the end of the decade.

ADVANCED ENERGY, MINING, PODCASTS

Podcast – Mining Decarbonization

In today's podcast, we're going to look at decarbonization opportunities in the mining industry and how mining can help achieve net zero emissions.

DECARBONIZATION, MINING

Balancing Habitat versus Critical Mineral Mining

Balancing Habitat versus Critical Mineral Mining: Lithium and boron are two examples of crucial minerals essential in reducing our planet's carbon footprint for industries such as defense, automotive, construction, aviation, and aerospace. It is challenging to preserve the natural environment when starting new mines to extract these resources. How do companies such as Rio Tinto, American Pacific Borates (currently rebranding to 5E Advanced Materials), and Ioneer manage this dilemma and obtain the permits necessary in their respective locations?

Boron Value Chain - Sourcing to End-Use Applications | Borates Today

INDUSTRY SECTORS, MINING

The Boron Value Chain

Borates are boron containing compounds that offer many benefits to industries like construction, electronics, and water treatment. They are also useful in food processing and agriculture as a fertilizer or pesticide. There is scope to explore the value chain of borates from extraction to distribution. What does it take to create/enhance the value of borate products in different markets and applications?

INDUSTRY SECTORS, INVEST IN BORON, MINING

American Pacific Borates (ABR) John Mitchell

n an ambitious move to drive its US listing process, the American Pacific Borates Limited (ASX:ABR) (“ABR” or the “Company”) has brought on board industrial minerals’-exponent John Mitchell as the chairman of its newly constituted Advisory Board. Tim Johnston and Govind Arora are the other appointees of the three-member Advisory Board.

MINING, SCIENCE

Sodalite with boron: The Crystal of Communication

Sodalite is a tectosilicate mineral found in many colors, but deep blue with white streaks is the most desirable.

MINING

Borates and Boron Everything Mining

Everything You Need To Know About Borate and Boron Mining It was named for the mineral borax, thought to come from the Persian name burah for that mineral. There are over 200 minerals that contain boron, but only a few such as colemanite and borax are commercially...

MINING

Uncovering Decarbonization Opportunities In The Mining Industry

The mining sector has a key role in the transition to net-zero emissions. Although it currently accounts for just 4-7% of global emissions, it is one of the most energy-intensive industries, and its products are used in a wide range of other sectors.

DECARBONIZATION, MINING

Rio Tinto Decarbonization

Rio Tinto announced a $7.5 billion plan to reduce carbon emissions to 50% by 2030 in October 2021. Rio Tinto stated that it aimed to reduce carbon emissions by half by 2020 as steel and iron ore producers push for compliance with international climate commitments. Rio pushed forward its 2020 target for a 15% reduction of emissions from 2018, five years earlier than it had previously planned.

INVEST IN BORON, MINING

ABR Boron Production 3x

According to a press release from ABR on November 16th, 2021, the company has announced 'ABR production triples' with a near tripling of production capability for the critical mineral boron at its Fort Cady operations in Southern California. Boron is becoming recognized as an essential mineral for use in multiple applications in decarbonization, advanced energy - batteries- and food security- as a micronutrient.

Company Profiles, MINING

Company Profile of American Pacific Borates

American Pacific Borates Limited (ABR) is focused on advancing its Fort Cady Borate Project located in Southern California. Fort Cady is a highly rare and large colemanite deposit and is the largest known contained traditional borate occurrence in the USA.

MINING, SCIENCE

Boron Oil Extraction

Apart from being more environmentally friendly than competing metal cross-linkers used in oil and gas stimulation, borates’ unique properties and behavior make them an ideal option for multiple oilfield applications including retarder in concrete, lubricant, alkaline buffer to reduce water hardness, lost circulation treatments, and profile control, alkaline surfactant, hydrogen sulfide scavenger (an oxidizer of hydrogen sulfide gas), pulsed neutron well logging and hydraulic fracturing fluids.

Company Profiles, MINING

Nowea Energy Inc. To List on Stock Exchange

Nowea Energy Inc. is in the stage of implementing business plans for a stock exchange listing. According to a recent announcement, the company aims to be listed on a separate stock exchange.

MINING

Ulexite: The Wonder Mineral

Ulexite, a boron mineral found in the American southwest, is recognized for its intense, pearly white color. This stone first garnered attention in 1840 and is named after the German chemist George Ludwig Ulex, who first explained its chemical composition.

MINING

Critical Mineral Boron in the Mojave Desert

Critical mineral boron is used in various applications, from agriculture to nuclear power. It's also one of the few minerals we don't have enough. As with other strategic minerals, obtaining a license for production is hard given the environmental impact on the land.

ADVANCED ENERGY, MINING, PODCASTS

Podcast – 5e Advanced Materials Announces Exciting Update

Today, we’re going to take a look at 5e Advanced Materials, the only permitted boron and lithium resource in the United States that recently updated the boron and lithium community with its strategic plan.

MINING

Borates and Boron Mining

ADVANCED ENERGY, BENEFITS, Human Health, INVEST IN BORON, MINING

Introduction to Boron and Lithium

Many investors are aware that boron and lithium are two essential elements for use in Advanced Energy. What is the difference between the two minerals?

MINING

Rio Tinto: Outlook for the Jadar lithium Project

Rio Tinto is keen to reopen discussions with the Serbian government about the future of its $2.4 billion Jadar lithium project, which was on hold ahead of election.

INVEST IN BORON, MINING

Boron Joins the Rare Earths Club

Rare Earth elements are valuable because they have magnetic and optical properties which create technologies in components such as audio speakers, hard drives, camera lenses, MRI imaging, and monitors of all sorts. But there is a cost to mining them as post-mining purification processes create hazardous waste. Boron is a potential alternative, providing clean and superconductive, energy-efficient benefits while being cheaper and more environmentally friendly.

ADVANCED ENERGY, DECARBONIZATION, MINING

Critical Minerals in Australia

Critical Minerals in Australia: The Australian Government has announced its intention to become more self-reliant in critical minerals as a result of geopolitical changes which threaten the ongoing supply of key industrial and energy commodities, which includes boron and borates.

MINING

Country Profile of Bolivia

Bolivia is one of the largest producers of borates globally after Turkey, the USA, Chile, and Argentina. Extraction and production of ulexite is the main activity centered around the south of the country, with both public and private companies involved. Exports are mostly sodium borates and boric acid, with Brazil and China among the largest buyers.

Company Profiles, MINING

Company Profile of Orocobre Lithium

Sinead Kaufman takes up the responsibilities to improve Rio Tinto Minerals' performance by taking it to another level. She handles a diverse range of commodities belonging to the mining giant. Her team is working at ground level pushing $3.2 billion into the metal Lithium.

MINING

Country Profile of Argentina

Argentina is the fifth-largest producer of natural borates. Deposits of borate can be found throughout Argentina, including in the provinces of Neuquén (Gran Chaco), Rio Negro, San Juan, and Mendoza (Cordoba). The first boric acid in Argentina was produced in 1894 at the La Plata mine when sodium tetraborate ore was extracted for the first time. The country became a major producer in 1900.

INDUSTRY SECTORS, MINING

Lithium Miner Ioneer To Receive $700m from DOE

Ioneer, a lithium mining company, has secured a remarkable $700 million investment from the U.S Department of Energy to develop their Rhyolite Ridge lithium/boron project.

MINING

Boron Extraction risk and rewards

As a result of climate change, boron is becoming more and more sought after to cope with Decarbonization initiatives and Advanced Energy applications to reduce fuel and energy costs and reduce pollution levels. As global temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, we can expect an even greater need for boron to develop renewable energy sources. Use of Boron is also promoted in government regulations such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Power Plan to meet stricter emission standards for power plants.

INVEST IN BORON, MINING

ABR Appoints 2 Key Executives for US Listing

American Pacific Borates (ABR) has just announced the appointment of two senior executives to support its value engineering activities and US listing and to maximize shareholder value through operational excellence, strategic planning, and parallel diversification initiatives. The company also has plans for a listing in the US. To bring it all to fruition, the company is in discussions with various US-based investment banks, potential US partners, and debt capital market advisors.

MINING, PODCASTS

Podcast – Boron and U.S. Rare Earths

Podcast - Today, we're going to take a look at boron and US rare earths and the stockpiling policy. The US is boosting the stockpile of its rare earth materials, such as cobalt and lithium. But why is this? The answer is partly to reduce dependence on China and partly to have a strategic policy towards rare earth sourcing and distribution.

MINING

Rio Tinto – Jadar Valley Lithium Project Suspended

Rio Tinto has found itself in the news again after its lithium project in Jadar, Serbia, was suspended after protests by the local community in Serbia. The backlash does not bode well for mining companies looking to open mines in response to a growing demand for minerals such as lithium that are fuelling advanced energy growth in multiple business sectors, including automotive, defence, aerospace.

Chemistry, MINING

Global High Purity Boron Market

The global high purity boron market will experience strong growth in the coming years. This is mainly due to the increasing demand for boron-based products.

ADVANCED ENERGY, MINING, PODCASTS

Podcast – Boron Markets Ultimate Guide Part 1

Today, we're going to look at part one of a guide to Boron Markets. This compilation of research reports and sources is a guide to a number of Boron Markets, presenting forecasts based on estimations from several sources.

MINING, RESEARCH

Lithium Miners To Watch In Upcoming Years

December closed out with a surge of momentum for the Lithium Miners where investors are looking forward to investing in these companies.

Aerospace, Company Profiles, INDUSTRY SECTORS, MINING

Country Profile of China

Country Profile of China Borates - China is a net importer of borates with few natural resources. However, it still dominates in exporting finished products to global markets as the third-largest exporter. China holds only 3% of global borate reserves. China's most crucial boron minerals are tincal, borosilicate, and ascharite. Liaoning and Qinghai are the main areas with minable borate resources.

ADVANCED ENERGY, Company Profiles, Efficient Power Sources

Company Profile of Lithium and Boron Technology

Lithium and Boron Technology, Inc., previously known as SmartHeat Inc, is a significant producer of boric acid and a manufacturer of lithium carbonate in the PRC. It has a revenue of around $7.57M. The company exclusively sources ore and brine from Dachaidan Lake and the surrounding areas.

Chemistry, MINING, SCIENCE

Boron: New Suppliers Ramp up for Production

Boron, number 5 on the periodic table, finds its essential role in decarbonization and electric vehicles. It also plays a vital role in reaching safer climate targets.

MINING, PODCASTS, SPECIAL REPORTS

Podcast – Introduction to Boron Mining

Podcast - Introduction to Boron Mining. Boron was named after the mineral borax, thought to come from the Persian name burah for the mineral. There are over 200 minerals that contain boron, but only a few minerals such as colemanite and borax are commercially important.

APPLICATIONS, MINING

Boron Blue Diamonds

Boron blue diamonds - Diamonds are valued for their lustre and sparkle, making them precious commodities. Creating the beautiful diamond jewels that people adore as betrothal or pure indulgence symbols is a complex and lengthy process. Some diamonds are rarer than others. Believe it or not, Boron is the trace element that gives some rare diamonds a blue colour - the story of the Hope diamond is one such beneficiary of Boron's colour.

Company Profiles

FEAM (5E Advanced Materials) Announces New Board Members

5E Advanced Materials (NASDAQ: FEAM) is delighted to welcome three non-executive board members and looks forward to working with them from October 25, 2022.

Company Profiles, MINING

Valjevo Project and Sustainable Boron, Lithium Mining

Sustainable Boron and Lithium mining: Borates and lithium are essential for decarbonisation, advanced energy, and food security. The extraction and production of these critical minerals need to respect sustainable principles to satisfy multiple stakeholders, local interest groups, and residents. A case in point is Valjevo in Serbia, where locals have successfully halted the Valjevo project until February 2022 until officials are satisfied sustainable practices will be put in place.

Podcast – Boron Powers Space Exploration

Defense, PODCASTS

Podcast – Boron Powers Space Exploration

Podcast - Boron Powers Space Exploration. Boron is an excellent choice for rocket fuel given its ease of manufacture, availability, and low storage costs. It is also a good additive for jet fuel. Scientists at the University of California Riverside are testing ammonia borane, NH3BH3, as an alternative to traditional carbon-based chemical rocket fuels. This could lead to carbon-free space launches.

How Boron is Beneficial for Heat Conversion

Clean Fuels, Efficient Power Sources, Electricity Generation, RESEARCH

How Boron is Beneficial for Heat Conversion

How is Boron Beneficial for Heat Conversion? This is a topic of interest for many scientists, engineers, and chemists due to its unique properties. It is an element that plays a vital role in heat and other energy conversion processes. Additionally, it is important...

Boron: The Holy Grail of Aerospace and Defense

ADVANCED ENERGY, Aerospace, Defense

Boron: The Holy Grail of Aerospace and Defense

It is one of the most common metals on our planet, but did you know that it has uses outside the industry? Aerospace and defence have used boron for decades due to its ability to be doped with other elements. Let's explore how it can help your business stay...

Podcast – Boron at Fukushima

Environmental Protection, Nuclear Energy, PODCASTS

Podcast – Boron at Fukushima

In today's podcast, we’re going to look at the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 and how Boron helps to contain the radiation and the potential spread of nuclear fallout.

Borates and Boron Mining

MINING

Borates and Boron Mining

Boron Pharmaceutical Applications

APPLICATIONS, Human Health, Pharmaceuticals

Boron Pharmaceutical Applications

Boron and Boric Acid is found in many pharmaceutical applications, including eye drops, bone development, osteoarthritis, treatment, muscle building, testosterone level increase, thinking skills, vaginal yeast infection. and strength improvement.

Boron a Superconductive Element

Ceramic and Enamels, Electricity Generation, RESEARCH, Superconductors

Boron a Superconductive Element

Boron is the superconductive element of the ceramic family. It's characterized by a wide variety of applications and unique properties.

Boric Acid Companies

INDUSTRY SECTORS, MINING

Boric Acid Companies

The boric acid market is fragmented with the presence of numerous players. These vendors compete based on R&D, quality, price, innovations, marketing strategies, market expansion, investments, and distribution networks. Some vendors have high investment capabilities, and they constantly focus on increasing their production capacities. Although the increase in demand from developing countries will offer immense growth opportunities, the threat of substitutes will challenge the growth of the market participants.

Boron Oil Extraction

MINING, SCIENCE

Boron Oil Extraction

Boron Helps Generate Cheap And Clean Electricity

APPLICATIONS, Batteries and Capacitors, BENEFITS, Clean Fuels, Electricity Generation

Boron Helps Generate Cheap And Clean Electricity

Looking for Clean Electricity? Boron to the Rescue! It's been a while since we've had a blog post about the wonders of Boron's electrical conductivity powers. Boron is used to produce electricity, which is great for those who are looking to save on their electric...

Exciting Lithium by-product at ABR US Boron Facility

MINING

Exciting Lithium by-product at ABR US Boron Facility

Giving impetus to its drive to be a substantial player in the advanced energy eco-system of the region and beyond, American Pacific Borates Limited (ASX:ABR) (ABR or the Company) is exploring partner options for a potential by-product lithium production from its Fort Cady Integrated Boron Facility in Southern California.

Public Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles

Automotive, INDUSTRY SECTORS

Public Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular, and so are public charging stations. There are many benefits to using public chargers, including the convenience of charging your vehicle while you are out.

Rio Tinto Decarbonization

DECARBONIZATION, MINING

Rio Tinto Decarbonization

Podcast – 5e Advanced Materials Announces Exciting Update

ADVANCED ENERGY, MINING, PODCASTS

Podcast – 5e Advanced Materials Announces Exciting Update

Diborane: Chemical for Organic Synthesis

Chemistry, Pharmaceuticals, SCIENCE

Diborane: Chemical for Organic Synthesis

Diborane is a colorless, toxic, highly flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. Also, diborane is used in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid.

Sodalite with boron: The Crystal of Communication

MINING, SCIENCE

Sodalite with boron: The Crystal of Communication

Sodalite is a tectosilicate mineral found in many colors, but deep blue with white streaks is the most desirable.

Country Profile Boron Turkey

Company Profiles, MINING

Country Profile Boron Turkey

Country Profile - Boron Turkey: Evidence of borates mining has been found dating back to Roman times in Turkey. Turkey is the world’s largest producer with 73% of the world's total boron reserves. The largest tincal deposit is the Kirka deposit at Eskisehir. Bigadic (colemanite & ulexite), Emet(colemanite), Kestelek (colemanite, probertite & ulexite), Kirka (tincal) are the main borate-producing regions of Turkey.

Boron: New Suppliers Ramp up for Production

Chemistry, MINING, SCIENCE

Boron: New Suppliers Ramp up for Production

Boron, number 5 on the periodic table, finds its essential role in decarbonization and electric vehicles. It also plays a vital role in reaching safer climate targets.

Why You Should Invest In Boron

INVEST IN BORON

Why You Should Invest In Boron

In recent years, the demand for boron has grown by more than 6% due to several factors including population growth and increased industrialization in developing countries such as China.

Podcast – Boron and Nuclear Fusion

ADVANCED ENERGY, Efficient Power Sources, Nuclear Energy, PODCASTS

Podcast – Boron and Nuclear Fusion

In today's podcast, we're going to look at boron and nuclear fusion. Is boron the key to unlocking energy via nuclear fusion? For the past 80 years, scientists have been exploring ways to capture energy, to provide an inexhaustible supply of quasi- free green energy.

The Boron Value Chain

INDUSTRY SECTORS, MINING

The Boron Value Chain

Boron Global Economy: 3 Major Trends

INDUSTRY SECTORS

Boron Global Economy: 3 Major Trends

Boron plays a crucial role as a game changer for the global economy. But did you know which three key trends the modern global economy is closely linked to?

Boron and Nuclear Fusion

ADVANCED ENERGY, DECARBONIZATION, MINING

Boron and Nuclear Fusion

Boron and nuclear fusion: Is Boron the key to Unlocking Energy via Nuclear Fusion? For the past eighty years, scientists have been exploring ways to capture energy to provide an inexhaustible supply of quasi-free, green energy. Boron via laser technologies, may finally provide the key to moving beyond the laboratory to commercialisation.

Boron Minerals

Chemistry, MINING

Boron Minerals

Boron minerals are found in the Earth's crust; its various forms come from different geological structures, such as pegmatite and metamorphic rocks. The most common boron minerals include Tincal, Tincalconite, Colemanite, Kernite, Ulexite, Pandermite, Boracite, Hydroboracite, Inderite, Ascharite, Datolite, Sassolite, Meyerhofferite, Inyoite, and Probertite.

The Economics of Boron Production

INDUSTRY SECTORS, MINING

The Economics of Boron Production

The primary source of both boron and borate is the mining of minerals that contain it. Borax, for example, was originally mined from a dry lake in Turkey before being found to be more profitable at other locations such as Alaska where deposits can be located within...

Agriculture: The Importance of Boron

Agriculture, Anti Bacteria, Anti-fungal, Biocides, Crop Management, Farming, FOOD SECURITY, Pest Control

Agriculture: The Importance of Boron

The Role of Boron in Agriculture Boron is a chemical element that aids in the growth of crops and agricultural operations. It helps to provide healthy soil and increase crop yields. It also reduces leaching from soils, prevents diseases in plants, as well as many...

Borosilicate Glass: The Future of Durability

APPLICATIONS, Glass

Borosilicate Glass: The Future of Durability

Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with unique properties that make it perfect for a variety of applications.

Company Profile of Li-S Energy Limited – Boron Battery

Batteries and Capacitors, Company Profiles, RESEARCH

Company Profile of Li-S Energy Limited – Boron Battery

Li-S Energy Limited, established in 2019, is an Australian company, a joint venture between Li-S Energy's founding shareholders, PPK Group, BNNT Technology, and Deakin University. Its purpose is to develop a new battery technology that incorporates Boron Nitride Nanotubes, which are more efficient, lower cost, and greener than current batteries for markets including automotive, defense and aviation.

European Critical Mineral Strategy for Boron

ADVANCED ENERGY, MINING

European Critical Mineral Strategy for Boron

The European Commission has a solid policy on a raw materials initiative for access to critical minerals such as Boron. Going back to 2008 the initiative was based on three pillars: a fair supply from global markets; sustainable collection; and recycling resources.

Billion Dollar Boron

INVEST IN BORON, MINING

Billion Dollar Boron

Billion dollar boron. In 2021, borates sales hit billions of dollars. Why? The demand for boron is increasing rapidly in strategic sectors such as aerospace and defense, zero-carbon, and advanced energy solutions, which depend on boron-based technologies to reduce emissions. Recent forecasts predict that boron demand will increase by 30% by the end of the decade.

5 Ways Boron Can Be An Extrication Agent

APPLICATIONS, BENEFITS, Electricity Generation, RESEARCH

5 Ways Boron Can Be An Extrication Agent

The use of boron steel in extrication is an important factor to consider because it has a tensile strength that’s close to titanium, which makes it perfect for emergencies where you need something durable and strong enough to cut through metal or other materials to extract people from dangerous scenarios.

Boron Extraction risk and rewards

MINING

Boron Extraction risk and rewards

Introduction to Boron Mining – Locations and Major Players

MINING

Introduction to Boron Mining – Locations and Major Players

A Summary of Boron - Mining, Countries, and Major Players Boron is an element present in the earth's crust. It is mined from a variety of places, including Turkey, China, and the United States. Many different countries mine boron because they exist in large...

Podcast – Lithium 101

ADVANCED ENERGY, BENEFITS, INVEST IN BORON, MINING, PODCASTS

Podcast – Lithium 101

Today, we're going to talk about lithium 101 - its chemical properties, where it's found and the mining processes to extract lithium from the ground, applications, market size, and demand for lithium. Lithium 101.

The Boron Production Process

MINING

The Boron Production Process

Boron is a naturally occurring chemical element. It is mostly found in the arid regions of California and Turkey. Pure boron is extracted and converted into various agricultural and industrial products through diverse and complex processes.

Junior Lithium Miners – Market Update

MINING, PODCASTS

Junior Lithium Miners – Market Update

Today, we'll continue our look at a number of markets where boron and borax compounds are used, including the Boron Trifluoride Market, Potassium Fluoborate Market, the Tin Fluoborate Market, the Permanent Magnets Market, the Super Abrasives Market, the Cubic Boron Nitride Market, the Hexagonal Boron Nitride Market, the Lithium BIS Borate Market, and the Cubic Boron Nitrates Market.

Boron Demand in Military Conflict

Defense

Boron Demand in Military Conflict

The tragic scenes unfolding on our screens daily of armed conflict are a powerful reminder of the need for protective materials to minimise injury and fatalities among the military personnel and civilians. Military hardware requires strong, light, malleable, durable and anti-corrosive materials. Boron is a key material used in bulletproof vests, bulletproof armour, in helicopter skins and on aircraft as well as an anti-corrosive in weaponry.

Boron in Construction

APPLICATIONS, INDUSTRY SECTORS

Boron in Construction

Boron is a key element in industrial construction - the construction of businesses with manufacturing plants, power plants, refineries. It is a strengthening additive in concrete, steel, and aluminum alloys for structural support. It also helps prevent corrosion by shielding against corrosive agents like saltwater or chlorine. Boron also plays a vital role in steel production by acting as a fluxing agent during the smelting process.

The Fascinating World of Yonex and Boron: A Deep Dive into Cutting-Edge Technology

Ceramic and Enamels, INDUSTRY SECTORS

The Fascinating World of Yonex and Boron: A Deep Dive into Cutting-Edge Technology

Elevate Your Game with Yonex Boron Rackets: Explore the Perfect Blend of Innovation and Performance

Boron Supply Constraints USA Benefit ABR

INVEST IN BORON, MINING

Boron Supply Constraints USA Benefit ABR

Boron supply constraints in the North American market will benefit the Fort Cady Integrated Boron Facility in Southern California, fully-owned by the American Pacific Borates Limited (ASX:ABR), the company slated for a NASDAQ listing in Q1 CY 2022, said.